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    养殖贝类碳汇价格核算研究

    [来源][pzpg001][发表时间] 2023/02/06阅读次数:1276次
     

      

    摘要:养殖贝类是最有效的生物固碳方式之一,整体资产评估,无形资产评估,房地产评估其碳功能作海洋生功能的一部分,兼具生经济属性,碳价格的核算可海水贝类养殖产业补贴提供数据参考,提高碳养殖产业的生产积极性,海洋GEP核算等提供一定借。目前土地评估,设备评估,固定资产评估价格研究较为缺乏,碳价格受限于碳汇计量方法的不完善,因此文章基于碳化原理,养殖境中的养殖贝类固碳基公式行改充了附着贝类固碳与生物沉物固碳两个算参数,以此切入点取并改海洋牧定价方法,以方云溪海洋牧研究区行案例算,:海湾扇孔扇与褶牡蛎的碳价格分别为165元/t、185元/t和272元/t;使用改后的碳汇计量方法得到的养殖贝类单位个体固碳量高,其中生物沉固碳提高位个体固碳量的作用最突出,贝类自身固碳的91%,主要与养殖海域的水文条件有关;高的固碳量形成了低的碳价格,固碳量与成本收益因素共同影响养殖贝类的碳价格;长远来看,碳价格会随着固碳量的愈加完善而降低。

     

    键词:养殖贝类;碳汇计量;碳价格;海洋牧

     

    号:P74;F307.4 文献:A    文章号:1005-9857(2022)03-0016-08

    DOI:10.20016/j.cnki.hykfygl.20220330.007

     

    StudyonCarbonSinkPriceAccountingofFarmedShelfish

     

    WENRui1,ZHANGJiwei1,GAOChao1,GAOYu1,YANGYan2

     

    (1.TheThirdInstituteofOceanography,MNR,Xiamen361005,China;2.SouthwestJiaotongUniversity,Chengdu611756,China)

     

    Abstract:Farmingshelfishisoneofthemosteffectivewaysofbiologicalcarbonsequestration,whosecarbon-sinkfunctionwasonepartofmarineecologicalsystemfunction,withbothecologi-

     

    calandeconomicproperties.Carbonpriceaccountingcanprovidereferencedataforseawatershelfishaquacultureindustrysubsidies,increasecarbonsinkaquacultureindustryproductionen-thusiasm,andprovidecertainreferencetomarineGEPaccounting.However,thereisalackofresearchoncarbonsinkpricesatpresent,andcarbonsinkpricesofculturedshelfisharelimitedbyimperfectcarbonsinkmeasurementmethods.Therefore,basedontheprincipleofcarbonstor-agechanges,thispaperimprovedthebasicformulaforcarbonsequestrationinfarmingshelfish

     

     

    收稿日期:2021-05-21;修日期:2022-02-17

    基金目:国家重点研发计划(2019YFD0901105).

     

    作者介:温瑞,士,研究方向为环经济、生态补偿

     

    通信作者:张继伟,教授高工,博士,研究方向为环经济学、划与管理

     

    第3期        温瑞,等:养殖贝类价格核算研究    17

     

     

    aquacultureenvironment,andtwocalculationparametersofattachedshelfishcarbonsequestra-tionandbiologicaldepositswereaddedasastartingpointtoselectandimprovethepricingmeth-odofcarbonsequestrationinmarineranch,theselectionoftheDongfangYunxisearanchwascalculatedasacasestudy,theresultwas:Thecarbonsinkpricesofbayscalop,Chlamysfarreriandwrinkledoysterwere165yuan/t,185yuan/tand272yuan/t,respectively.Thecarbonse-questrationperunitofculturedshelfishobtainedbytheimprovedcarbonsinkmeasurementmethodwasrelativelyhigh.Amongthem,theeffectofbio-sedimentcarbonsequestrationonin-creasingthecarbonsequestrationperunitwasthemostprominent,accountingforabout91%oftheshelfishsowncarbonsequestration.Itwasrelatedtothehydrologicalconditionsofaquacul-tureseaareas;highercarbonsequestrationresultsinlowercarbonsequestrationprices,andcar-bonsequestrationandcost-benefitfactorstogetheraffectedthecarbonsequestrationpriceofcul-turedshelfish.Inthelongrun,carbonsequestrationpriceswildecreaseascarbonsequestrationmeteringbecomesmoreperfect.

     

     

    Keywords:Culturedshelfish,Carbonsinkmetering,Carbonsinkprice,Marineranch

     

          引言           因此本研究学界普遍使用的养殖贝类固碳

                              础计量方法行改取合适的海洋牧

             在我国大力展低碳经济的背景下,一方面通        

                      定价方法并合案例算,探讨总固碳量与成本收

    减排措施减少向大气中排放二氧化碳;另一方面  

             益等因素养殖贝类价格的影响。有利于丰

    生物固碳技当前热门领域[1-2]。随    

             富养殖贝类核算域的基研究,使贝类养殖

    着海洋生物的固碳作用逐渐进入人野,养殖 

             产业的生交易得到补偿,促

    贝类的碳功能和碳受到更多关注。养殖    

             民增收;在海洋生产总值    )核算

                                      

    贝类具有很水能力,提高水体二氧化碳分           GEP

             程中提供借对渔业的生核算提

    的能力,促使养殖水域吸收更多二氧化碳,降低大   

             供一定参考。              

    气中二氧化碳       [3]                   

             ;其固碳能力是森林的        养殖贝类核算方法研究     

    10     生的直接碳量是海藻养殖生碳量的              

                                             

             倍[4]。因此贝类养殖能有效提高海水养殖的碳       汇计量是碳价格核算的前提,当前养殖

    1.5                           

    效率,是最具增潜的碳之一,是未来   汇计量相关研究主要基于碳化法基本

    产业化的目[5-6]。      原理构建,固碳基公式量指完善,即

             易市建立,碳汇产品有完善的         量指标仅包含了养殖贝类壳与体部分固碳,

    体系和定价机制碳将展成一种符合经济  缺乏附着生物固碳与生物沉物固碳两个方面的

    运行律的具有经济的高效生  量,不能较为全面地体养殖贝类的全部固碳

    [7-8]。但是由于当前我国没有形成一套独立自主       程。目前学界于碳定价的研究缺乏,碳定价

    碳交易体系,养殖贝类交易市为蓝 方法极的探索中。沈金生等 [9]  

                      国外的森

    交易体系下的分支,更是面定价、价格研究缺    林碳定价思路初步构建了海洋牧的定价

    乏的问题。主要原因在于:碳汇总量的全面定是    方法,得到了海洋牧的碳价格,但此定价方法

    定价的前提,但当前养殖贝类固碳的基础计量方法  中在碳汇计量版与学界普遍使用的养殖贝类

    准方面相薄弱,固碳量指的不完善造成  汇计量基公式存在同量指不完善的

    估算实际值间较大的差,制了定价研究 。本章分两个部分,先后介养殖贝类固碳

    展。             方法的改与海洋牧定价方法的改进过程。

     

             18                                                                                                                                                                           海洋开与管理                                                                                                                   2022         

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         

                                                                                                                                                                                                            

    1.1  养殖贝类总固碳量方法改                                                                            贝类,如紫贻贝                                                     )和褶牡蛎                          

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Mytilusedulis                              Alec-

                              当前学界养殖双壳贝类量普遍基                                              )等,另一部分以海鞘(                    

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       tryonellaplicatula                                                                                              Pyro-

             于碳化法构建量公式。量公式在                                                 代表的脊索物及其他物

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       somellaverticilliata                                                                                                                    

             上有一定区,但量思路一致,即在一   种。除了食性双壳附着贝类,目前海鞘等脊索

             个养殖周期内,通养殖贝类的碳量减去养  物固碳机理的相关基研究少,因此本研究参

             贝类放苗的碳量,得到养殖贝类的固碳和。   贝类软体部分的固碳算方法把海鞘入附着

             具体基公式如下:                                                                                                                                生物固碳量算;食性双壳附着贝类与养殖贝类

                                                               [( ·           αit0       ·                                                                            具有大致相同的碳收支方式,其固碳量算的基本

                                       CX        αit     mit            mit0                                                                                                                                                                                                                        

                                                                                 ·                                  ·                )]                                         ()     原理与养殖贝类大致相同,可借养殖贝类固碳基

             式中:                                            βit             nit βit0  nit0                                                                            公式。                                                                                                                                                

                            某养殖贝类在一个培育期   内的                                                                                                                                                           

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    

                              CX                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        

             碳量;                                 代表第                 种养殖贝类贝壳和        附着生物的种与数量因海域的不同存在

                              αit     βit                                                                                                                                                        大差异,需合所在养殖海域的实际调查数据与其

             组织的含碳系数;                        代表第                 种养殖贝类       

                                                                                   αit0  βit0                                                                                         他学者研究得到的经验值经验公式来降低平均

             放苗苗种的壳与组织含碳系数;                           

                                                                                                                                                                                            mit nit                       附着率数据的不确定性。附着生物的平均附着率

             代表第                 贝类养殖品种壳和组织干重;     

                                                                                                                                                                                                                              可用其重量占养殖(养殖挂重量的比

    mit0                代表第                 种养殖贝类苗种的壳和

             nit0                                                                                                                                                                               得[10]。本将附着生物固碳与养殖贝类固碳合

             组织干重。(注:若无人工育苗程,         αit0                

                                                                                                                                                                                                             βit0  养殖贝类可移出碳充后的养殖贝类可移

                                                            可省去)。                                                                                                                    

                      mit0 nit0                                                                                                                                                                       出碳量模型                                                                                                

                              上述养殖贝类固碳基公式存在的不足之                                                                                                           

             仅对养殖贝类自身的壳与体固碳量   ΣS1 ΣSj ΣIj                                                                                               ()

                                                                                                                      

              并未将贝类在养殖境中的                       个固碳                                          ·                                          ·                                                          ()

                                     ΣSj =Pj Rst  ωSst +Rs                 ωSt                                              

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

             出来 即缺乏附着生物与生物沉物固碳两个                    ·                          ·                                       ·                                                 ()

                      ΣIj=wj  Pj Fst ωFst+Fs ωFs                                     

                                                                                                                                                                                                                             式中:         S1 为补充后的养殖贝类可移出碳汇总固碳

             部分的量指                   一部分原因是疏忽 另一部分原             

                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Σ                                                                                                                                                          

             主要是由于附着生物因海域的不同 在品种               量; Sj                 种养殖贝类壳与组织

                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Σ                                                                                                                                                         

             数量分布方面存在大差异,优势附着物种的固碳  固碳量;ΣIj 第j种附着生物的壳与组织

             机理研究不足 统计难 而生物沉物受海水    固碳量;                          种养殖贝类量;                  

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Pj                                                                          Rst                    

             作用 速率与散范等沉物通量     贝类软组织质量比重;           养殖贝类贝组织

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Rs                                                                                  

              加之没有准确估的数据致增加了  量比重;       ωSt   别为养殖贝类软组织

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               ωSst                                                                                                                                            

             部分的碳汇计度。上,附着生物与生物沉   含量和壳碳含量;                        种附着生物的平均附

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   wj                                                                                                    

             两个部分在碳汇计程中被普遍忽    着率;                  附着生物组织质量比重;    附着

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Fst                                                                                                             Fs                                       

             漏。本研究基于养殖贝类固碳程与养殖     生物量比重;                           ωFs  别为附着生物

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   ωFst                                                                              

             的密切关性,以养殖贝类一个养殖期为时间     组织壳的碳含量(在海鞘等脊索

             度,参考2017年海洋准委定的行业标  固碳量将海鞘整体视为软算)。

             ———《养殖贝类汇计量方法:碳化法》的       1.1.2      生物沉物固碳量模型                                                         

             基本原理,在学界普遍使用的养殖贝类固碳基  学界一般通生物沉速率得到的生物沉

             式中充了附着生物固碳与生物沉物固碳两个     量与碳含量的乘法,来估算养殖贝类生物沉

             参数,养殖贝类固碳基公式改如下。                            物的固碳量。但用此方法得到的估算果比

    1.1.1 可移出碳汇计量模型                                                                                              实际要大,原因是未考到生物沉物从生到沉

                              附着生物与养殖贝类占据相同的生位,与养         降至海底的程中会受到海水力作用等原因

             贝类一同从海水中收的一部分为滤食性双壳    生物溶失象。实际上只有一部分最到达海

     

    第3期        温瑞,等:养殖贝类价格核算研究    19

     

     

     

    底形成沉,只有到达海底碳埋藏的部分才能算是真正意上的生物沉固碳[11]。因此本从养殖贝类的生物沉物有机碳埋置的角度出,初步建立了两种生物沉固碳量量模型:

     

    ΣBC=FRi·Ci· (5)

     

    ΣBC=Voci·Ni·· (6)式中:ΣBC为贝类的生物沉积总碳量;FRi 第i种贝类1个养殖期内的生物沉积总质量;Ci 第i种贝类的生物沉物含碳比重;B 生物沉物沉降到海底的有机碳埋置率。Voci 第i种贝类的有机碳沉速率;Ni 第i种贝类个数;T 养殖时间天。

     

    上述生物沉物固碳公式中的有机碳埋置率与有机碳沉速率是公式中的2个重要参数量,由于受到养殖区物理、化学和生物等境特征以及人操作等因素的影响,在不同海域条件下会存在很大不确定性。目前尚未形成可以一准确估的相关数据准与准,因此本研究采用相关学者研究得到的经验公式、经验值等降低有机碳埋置率个参数量因自然条件以及人因素致的不确定性,以提高生物沉物固碳量公式的普遍适用程度,参数的算与取方法如下。

     

    (1)目前有机碳埋置率 (Organiccarbonburialrate)个参数的算方法可采用相关学者使用的经验公式[12-13]:

     

    有机碳沉速率-有机碳化速率

    有机碳埋置率=

     

    有机碳沉速率

     

    (2)有机碳沉速率(Organiccarbondepositionrate)的算方法:

     

    有机碳沉速率= 生物沉速率×有机碳含

     

    量比

     

    其中,生物沉速率(Biodepositionrate,BDR)

    算方法

     

    生物沉速率=(Dt-Dc)/(t×N)

     

    式中:Dt 和Dc 别为实验组捕集器中的沉物干重, mg;t为实验时间天;N为实验生物品数量,个。

     

    周毅、王俊等[14-16]通开展实验得到了扇贻贝、牡蛎等物种的沉速率与地理位置关系不

     

     

    大,主要与季、大小格有关的结论;同一品种的年平均沉速率数上区不大,与大小格成正相关,因此相同养殖贝类品种沉速率的经验值差异性低。

     

    有机碳含量比的算方法

     

    TOC

    有机碳含量比=

    TBD

     

    式中:TOC为单时间单位面的有机碳量;TBD(totalbiologicaldeposit,TBD)为单时间内生物沉量。

     

    目前有众多学者生物沉物中4个季的有机碳含量与有机碳沉速率行了定,累了丰富的数据,有机碳含量主要与季相关,呈的季差异,但4个季的平均固定[12,17],在不具备实测条件的情况下可借相关学者的经验值

     

    (3)有机碳化速率的算方法

     

    物有机碳化速率(organiccarbonminer-alizationrate)通物耗氧速率(OUR)和呼吸来推算,呼吸可借Hargrave[18]出的呼吸率经验值0.85,即出CO2量/消耗 O2量=0.85。

    有机碳化速率=沉物耗氧速率/0.85

     

    其中,沉物耗氧速率采用实验化管合碘量法[13]定水体的溶解氧含量得。

     

    上所述,生物沉物的有机碳埋置率与有机碳沉速率是算生物沉物固碳的必要参数。其中主要的2个影响因素是生物沉物中的有机碳含量比与生物沉物耗氧速率,2个数据可以在调查海域条件不允的情况下,在实验定。同,众多学者也在有机碳含量比与沉物耗氧速率方面累了丰富的经验值,数据体上有迹可循。因此相于学界普遍使用的生物沉速率直接算法,本研究通过给出一系列的参数算方法减少公式改进过程造成的参数不确定性,提高生物沉物固碳果的准确度。

     

    1.1.3 后的养殖贝类总固碳量模型

     

    后的固碳量模型包含以下3个方面:养殖贝类自身的固碳量、附着生物的固碳量与生物沉物固碳量。整理公式(2)至公式(6),可得到改后的养殖贝类总固碳量模型

     

    20    海洋开与管理  2022        

                             

                             

     

     

    Ctotal=ΣS1 ΣBC ()

             

    ΣS1=ΣSj+ΣIj=Pj(Rst·ωSst+Rs·ωSt)+

    wj·Pj(Fst·ωFst+Fs·ωFs)+FRi·Ci· 

    Voci·Ni··      (8)

     

    1.2 养殖贝类价格核算方法改

     

    目前我国学者沈金生等[9]参考PabloC.Benítez等[19]拉丁美洲林效益的基本算原理,提出海洋牧定价的思路:在经营时间尺度下,经营者更愿意通海洋牧场经营提供的养殖贝类总净收益NPV∞ 不少于从事其他型的渔业(如,投、投式养殖)的收益R,即NPV∞ ≥,就可得到海洋牧的最低价格[9]。本研究借海洋牧定价方法的算思路,首先将海洋牧整体性的数据指换为特定养殖贝类品种的数据指,采用此模型算得到3个品种的养殖贝类价格;其次把海洋牧定价模型中养殖贝类固碳基公式替换为本研究改后的养殖贝类总固碳量模型,海洋牧定价方法的运算与改进过程如下。

     

     

     

     

     

    (1)一个培育期内,某种养殖贝类汇总收益:

     

    NPV=NPVM +NPVC                                                                                             ()

                                                                                                    

                                                ·        ·                                                          

    NPVM =-Cs +Ps               1+r  -T                             10

                                                                                  

                      ·               ·               ·                                                 

    NPVC =PC              1-k  ω                   1+r  -T                     11

                                                                                  

                 ·                                           ·                                         ·       

    ω Σ PjRst ωSst +Rs                  ωSt   +wj         

           ·                +Fs ·        )]                                ·        · ·

    Pj Fst       ωFst                  ωFs  +Voci               Ni  

    (12)

     

    式中:NPV某种养殖贝类在一个养殖期的碳汇总净收益;NPVM 为该种养殖贝类经济净收益;NPVC 修正后的碳汇净收益;Cs 为该种养殖贝类的碳汇总成本;Ps 为该种养殖贝类售价格;M为该种养殖贝类量;r 为贴现率;T 养殖周期,月;PC 价格;k线量,代表海水自身在物理作用下固定的碳量;ω 为该种养殖贝类一个养殖期内的固碳量。

     

    (2)无限个培育期内,某种养殖贝类汇总净收益

    ∞      ·        

             =NPV      1-1+r    -T -1    13

    NPV                           

     

    (3)假海域从事其他渔业用海方式养殖

     

     

    与上文相同的品种贝类设产 其他渔业

     

    用海方式下一个养殖期的收益R  

             · ·                     

    R=Pf         1+r      -T   -Cf  14

                                      

     

    式中:Pf 为该种养殖贝类售价格;Cf 为该养殖贝类品种的成本。

     

    (4)无限个培育期内其他渔业用海方式下收益∞ 

             ∞               ·        

                   =R   1-1+r    -T -1    15

                                               

    ()整合上述公式( )与公式( ),令 ∞

                            13             15    NPV

    大于等于R∞ ,就可以得到某个品种养殖贝类的最低碳价格PC  

     

    Lf·(1+r)-T -Cf +Cs -LS·(1+r)-TPC 

     

    (1-k)·(1+r)-T ·ω

    (16)

     

    式中:Lf 其他渔业用海方式下某品种养殖贝类售收入;Cf 此种养殖贝类的养殖成本;Cs 此种养殖贝类养殖成本;Ls 此种养殖贝类的市场销售收入;ω 此种养殖贝类固碳量;r本年度贴现率;T 养殖周期,月。

     

     例分析

     

    海洋牧一种境友好型渔业方式,成当前我国展碳汇渔业的重要途径,可有效降低养殖活动对海域生态环境的影响,促使海域生态环境可持续发展。本研究方云溪海洋牧研究区,将本研究改后的养殖贝类总固碳量模型与海洋牧定价模型算,探养殖贝类总固碳量模型价格的影响。

     

    2.1 研究区概况

     

    方云溪海洋牧场为国家海洋牧示范区,位于山省烟台市养马岛东部海域,濒临黄海,海域面积约为1216hm2,此海域是我国扇养殖的主

     

    之一,研究区内养殖品种褶牡蛎(Alectryonellapli-catula)、海湾扇(Argopectenirradians)与孔扇(Chlamysfarreri)。主要附着生物褶牡蛎(Alec-tryonellaplicatula)、紫贻贝 (Mytilusedulis)、玻璃海  (Cionaintestinalis)与    (Styelaclava),养殖数据表1。

     

    第3期        温瑞,等:养殖贝类价格核算研究    21

     

     

     

                        方云溪海洋牧场贝类养殖情况  

                                                                

                                                        

              品种    养殖期         量湿重

                                       /月  元/ 

                                                          

                                                     kg     

             海湾扇   66667           10    211

                                                                

    养殖贝类   孔扇   66667     10    10    190

                                                                

             褶牡蛎       66667     12    10    174

                                                                

                                               

             褶牡蛎       —     —     —     16

    附着  贻贝       —     —     —     53

                                                                 

    生物  玻璃海鞘    —     —     —     48

                                                                 

             柄海鞘       —     —     —     0.86

                                                                 

                                                                

     

    注:无数据;* 附着生物平均附着率与平均个体湿重的比

     

     

     

    牡蛎、扇养殖区有机碳沉速率参考刘等[17]在山省养殖海域的研究果;有机碳化速率参考学雷等[13]的相关研究算得到的养殖贝类生物沉物固碳相关数据如表3所示。

     

    表3   生物沉物有机碳相关数据

     

     

    有机碳沉速率  有机碳化速率  有机碳埋置速率

    区域

    mg/(ind·d-1) mg/(m2·d-1)     mg/(m2·d-1)

     

     

    养殖水域     14.65     141 40

                             

    牡蛎养殖水域     18.38     141 40

                             

                             

     

    注:扇与牡蛎养殖区的有机碳埋置率本研究均分采用最高

     

     

     

    2.2 材料与方法

     

    2.2.1 数据

     

    研究区地踏勘确定附着生物优势种并算的平均附着量,取养殖贝类量、养殖面、培育模式、培育期和售价格等养殖信息;通过实验实测养殖贝类的干湿转换比例与含碳量等理化参数。养殖贝类有机碳沉速率、有机碳埋置率相关算参数、海洋牧养殖成本数据、其他渔业用海方式下的经济贝类产量、养殖成本等数据通文献得;假定培育模式、成本等不随时间变化,涉及的价格、贴现率、案例算等基于2020年;基线来自沈金生等[9]的研究果;贴现率r 采用2020年人民定最低贴现率3.24%。

     

    2.2.2      数据                                                                                                   

                      数据理采用Excel.2018完成。                                   

    2.3  算与讨论                                                                                                       

                                                                                                                                               

    2.3.1      固碳量                                                                                           

                      贝类能力核算系数实验实测结果如表  

                                                                                                                                               

             所示。                                                                                                                                  

                                                  贝类能力核算系数                                 

                                                                                                                                                        

                                                                                                                              

                       品种  干湿  量比重        碳含量                    

                                                                                                                     

                                                                                                                                      

                                       系数       软组织    软组织                        

                                                                                                            

                                                                                                                                                        

                                                                                                                                               

                                       海湾扇   66.77     5.45        61.32     42.25     11.32

                                                                                           

             养殖贝类  孔扇  68.75     5.36        63.39     43.84     11.41

                                                                                           

                                       褶牡蛎       60.10     3.67        56.43     47.47     12.08    

                                                                                                   

                                       褶牡蛎       50.62     3.07        47.55     44.12     11.48

                                                                                           

                                       贻贝       39.96     3.15        36.81     40.75     12.09

             附着生物                                              

                                                                                                                              

                                       玻璃海鞘    40.02     40.02                   21.71                           

                                                                                                                              

                                       柄海鞘       2.11        2.11                      27.79                           

                                                                                                                              

     

    注:-无数据;为简算,本研究将量比重为软组织干重、壳干重分湿重的比重。

     

     

    2.3.2 价格核算

     

    其他渔业用海方式下的成本

    [9,20-22],海洋牧成本数据  [9,23-25]。

          

     

    其他渔业用海与碳汇渔业养殖方式下的售收入与养殖成本的算参考群、宋金明、萍萍等[20-22]研究果与表4和表5,养殖贝类各部分固碳量与碳价格汇总结表6。

     

    表4   一个养殖期内其他渔业用海贝类养殖成本

     

    元/m2

     

     

        

                     

             海域承包         0.015

                     

                    0.011

                     

    固定资产成本     养殖设费     0.038

                     

             建筑物折旧    

                      2.100

                     

             养殖设备折旧 1.800

                     

             修管理        0.022

                     

             种苗   0.345

                     

    养殖成本       1.765

                     

             雇佣(元/ ·月)    

                      0.458

                  

             增殖放流         0.045

                     

     

     

               一个培育期内海洋牧养殖贝类成本

                                                        

                                      

                 

                             

                      海域使用         /(元· -2)

                              0.214                       

                      建筑物折旧     /(元·        -2)

                              0.21                         

    成本   人工        /(元·        -3)

                              22.8                         

                      设费        /(元· -2)

                              18.75                       

                      海区改造         /(元·                -2)

                              1.5          

                      种苗       /(元·个-1)

                              0.004                      

                      增殖放流         /(元· -1)

                              398          

    养殖成本    雇佣       /(元/              ·月)

                              0.458     

                      监测费      /(元·        -2)

                              0.22                         

                      营维护费        /(元· -1)

                              0.03                         

     

    22    海洋开与管理  2022        

                             

                             

     

     

                        养殖贝类固碳量与碳价格汇总   

                                                                                           

                                      

             壳与   附着生物  生物沉            平均   

    物种   体固碳        固碳  固碳  碳量           个体固碳    价格

                                                   /(·  -1)/(元· -1)

                                                                       ind        

    海湾扇   19.50              3.21        15.81     38.52              3.83        165

                                                                         

    孔扇   18.30              2.9  19.57     40.77              4.06        185

                                                                         

    褶牡蛎       14.89              2.19        12.42     29.5                 3.30        272

                                                                         

                                                                         

      52.69              8.3  47.8        108.79   —              —

                                                                                           

     

    注:无数据。

     

     

    2.3.3 讨论

     

    (1)改后的养殖贝类总固碳量模型反映出的固碳果差异。以孔扇贝为例,本研究算得到一个养殖期内孔扇贝单位个体固碳量3.83g/ind,沈金生等[9]算得到一个养殖期内孔扇在浅水区与深水区的位个体固碳量1.82g/ind、2.74g/ind、平均值为 2.28g/ind,本研究算得到孔扇贝单位个体固碳量是沈金生等[9]使用养殖贝类固碳基公式得到孔扇贝单位个体固碳量的1.4~2.1倍,多出来的部分即附着生物与生物沉物两部分的固碳量,附着生物固碳占养殖贝类自身固碳量的14%~16%,生物沉物固碳占养殖贝类自身固碳的比重约为91%,证实了生物沉固碳养殖海域的海底碳形成起到的重要作用[11]。本果一定程度上可量化反映部分漏的碳的数量比例。

     

    (2)改后的养殖贝类总固碳量模型养殖贝类价格的影响。方云溪海洋牧不同物种的养殖贝类价格存在大差异,扇的碳价格低于牡蛎的碳价格;褶牡蛎的碳价格高,原因在于同养殖面下,褶牡蛎的位个体相于扇位个体固碳量低,因此碳价格高。本研究两种扇的碳价格均低于沈金生等[9]海洋牧汇计算得出的碳价格253元/t,原因是其他渔业用海收益与碳养殖收益的位差的情况下,本研究将附着生物与生物沉入养殖贝类总固碳的算,高地体了养殖贝类的固碳能力,因而价格低。高的固碳量反映出高的生功能,会使碳价格更近于消者的消意愿,提高优质汇产品的受迎程度。

     

     

     结论与展望

     

    3.1 结论

     

    养殖贝类的碳汇计量方法行改与碳价格的核算,有利于丰富碳汇渔业领域的相关基性研究,海洋GEP核算体系中关于碳汇渔业的生核算提供数据参考。本研究学界普遍使用的养殖贝类固碳基公式充了附着生物与生物沉物固碳两个算参数,并参数的取提供了相关算方法,以减少本研究充的两个算参数的不确定性。改后的养殖贝类总固碳量方法得到的养殖贝类单位个体固碳量是相关学者的1.4~2.1倍,可量化反映附着生物与生物沉物固碳两个漏的碳然关于生物沉积对养殖境的面冲已被广泛研究,但是也生物沉固碳起到的正面效。不同品种的养殖贝类价格不同,固碳果的提高一方面反映了养殖贝类较高的生;另一方面又会降低碳价格,低的碳价格更具市场优势。随着人与生需求的不断提高,消者会更愿意支付碳价格低的养殖贝类汇产品。

     

     

     

    我国沿海各省(直市、自治区)海域的境条件与养殖产业经济发展水平不同,未来汇渔业相关的养殖产业进行生核算与补偿标准的制定中,需要根据养殖合海域条件行相完善、合理的算,并根据养殖海域量、养殖模式等相关指采取不同的补偿力度,制定相的碳汇补偿系数[26]。若碳价格可以通过蓝碳市渠道及生态补偿实现对渔民的补贴,可以使得更多的金投入到渔业养殖活中,最大限度地开养殖贝类的碳功能,促使粗放养殖模式向精化的海洋牧场经营方式型。

     

     

     

    3.2 不足与展望

     

    本研究的不足之主要体在以下两点:一是固碳量方法上,充的附着生物固碳与生物沉物固碳两个算参数缺乏估的数据指,本研究提供了参数算方法,降低了不确定性,但需完善;附着生物固碳方法只提供了

     

    第3期        温瑞,等:养殖贝类价格核算研究    23

     

     

     

    性双壳与海鞘等脊索物,其他种类还有待充。二是数据算方面,局限于相关基研究的不足,文中定的生物沉物的有机碳埋置率是季度平均最大,比实际上全年平均埋置率要高;参考的成本信息数据非全国一性的数据,果的精确度有待提高,暂时无法代表全国海域的养殖贝类价格。

     

    未来探索更先、精准和完善的碳汇计量方法,在全国沿海地区展开渔业专项调查所有品种的经济性养殖品种及附着生物的基性数据行更准确的定并色碳数据,以便逐步开展大范渔业一核算工作;加强蓝色碳的定价方法的相关研究,制定科学合理的定价准,在政府的主下,逐步在沿海地区开展碳交易点工作,利用市场资补偿养殖海域的海洋生,不断整碳价格与市场补偿标准的融合,形成中国特色的色碳交易市机制与生态补偿机制。

     

     

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